How to meet a Disaster (GS Paper 3, Disaster Management)
Context:
- The G20 nations, with a population of 4.7 billion, have large exposure, risk from asset concentration, and vulnerability to natural disasters.
- In the current World Risk Index, four out of the top 10 vulnerable countries are G20 nations.
Disaster-resilience:
- The combined estimated annual average loss in the G20 countries alone is $218 billion, equivalent to 9 per cent of the average annual investment in infrastructure made by them.
- Disaster risk reduction measures can play an important role in preventing such losses. Reducing risk can be achieved mainly by reducing vulnerability and exposure to risk through measures such as better economic and urban development choices and practices, protection of the environment, reduction of poverty and inequality, etc.
- Disasters can set back development gains. Hence, risk reduction is an important strategy if a country’s economic ambitions are to be realised.
- Setting up early warning systems, undertaking periodic risk assessments, constructing disaster-resilient infrastructure, etc, are important strategies. For example, in India, effective implementation of flood risk management strategies can help in reducing and managing extreme weather conditions.
Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group:
- India has highlighted the importance of disaster risk reduction by initiating a new workstream in G20.
- The five priorities outlined in the first meeting of the working group were
- coverage of early warning systems to all,
- focus on disaster and climate-resilient infrastructure,
- improving financing frameworks for national disaster risk reduction,
- improving systems and capabilities for response to disasters and
- application of ecosystem-based approaches to disaster risk.
- A second meeting of the Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group will be held in Mumbai between May 23-25. This is an opportune time to focus and deliver on the goals of disaster risk reduction.
Future Roadmap:
Re-imagine financing disaster risk reduction:
- The financing requirements flowing through government budgets are not independent of a country’s fiscal position and hence may be limited. Innovative financing tools including creating reserve funds, dedicated lines of credit and tapping resources globally should be explored.
- While green financing has gained traction in global financial markets, the same cannot be said of disaster risk financing.
- For countries like India, where government budgets are increasingly focusing on capital expenditure, this need is more acute. Infrastructure, such as roads, rails, airports, and electricity lines created through public revenues need to be resilient to disasters and may require more funds incrementally.
- There is a need to finance this additionality using options that are reflective of the social benefits of such disaster-resilient infrastructure.
Differential strategies:
- Differential strategies to deal with extensive risk (risk of losses from frequent but moderate impacts) and intensive risk (from low frequency and high impact events), should be worked out.
- A large portion of the losses accumulate from extensive events. Cumulatively, dispersed events such as heatwaves, lightning, local floods, and landslides cause enormous losses.
- Implementing targeted approaches to reducing losses from extensive risk events, can have an impact in the short to medium-term horizon.
Convergence of disaster risk reduction & climate change adaptation:
- If analytical and implementation capacities for disaster risk reduction are developed, they will help climate change adaptation efforts as well.
- For example, building flood-management structures under disaster risk reduction strategies will have synergies with adaptation efforts. Similarly, the effectiveness of adaptation measures should be measured against their disaster risk reduction potential.
Sendai Framework:
- Some aspects of the Sendai Framework, for example, priority access to early warning are achievable. Access to early warning systems should be treated as global public goods, with all populations irrespective of their economic strength, having reliable access to systems such as cyclone early warning.
- The UN Secretary General’s initiative on early warning for all should be the guiding principle. The G20 can show the way by setting up a suitable mechanism to ensure that the call for a universal early warning system is implemented in practice.
Multi-sectoral effort:
- If efforts are integrated vertically from local to sub-national to national to global, and horizontally across sectors, the level of readiness to manage unknown risks may be high.
- The world is interlinked and interdependent, and the G20 can help develop such strategies.
Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure:
- The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure is presently chaired by India and the United States. The creation of the new workstream under the G20 is reflective of the prime minister’s commitment towards disaster preparedness.
- The recently concluded high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the midterm review of the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (HLM) held in New York mentions the importance of G20’s efforts in the implementation of the Sendai Framework.
Prospects of G20:
- The G20 provides a broader platform to drive global goals on disaster risk reduction. The perspectives that G20 as a group will bring to the table would be unique.
- For example, any talk about risk financing will not be merely about additional financial resources, it will also include more efficient, effective and predictable financing mechanisms.
- This will maximise the impact of the financial resources available from multiple sources such as governments, multilateral institutions, capital markets, insurance companies and philanthropies and communities.
Way Forward:
- The Working Group on Disaster Risk Reduction is an opportunity for the G20 to take a lead in the implementation of the Sendai framework over the next seven years.
