Night Light Pollution Linked to Alzheimer’s Risk (GS Paper 2, Health)
Why in News?
- A recent study published in Frontiers in Neuroscience has highlighted a correlation between exposure to night-time light pollution and an increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.
- The research suggests that artificial light at night disrupts natural circadian rhythms and impairs sleep, which may heighten susceptibility to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s.
Understanding Light Pollution
Definition:
Light pollution refers to excessive or inappropriate artificial lighting that negatively impacts the environment, human health, wildlife, and climate. It interferes with natural processes and can lead to various health issues, including sleep disorders and increased stress levels.
What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
Overview:
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the deterioration of cognitive functions. Key symptoms include:
- Memory Loss: Difficulty remembering recent events or conversations.
- Cognitive Decline: Impairment in thinking and reasoning abilities.
- Behavioral Changes: Altered mood and personality, confusion about time or place.
- Communication Issues: Problems with speaking or writing coherently.
The disease is marked by the formation of plaques and tangles in the brain, leading to accelerated aging of neurons involved in memory processing. It is the most prevalent cause of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of all dementia cases.
Causes and Risk Factors
While the exact causes of Alzheimer’s remain largely unknown, several factors are believed to contribute to its development:
- Age: The primary risk factor, with most cases occurring in individuals over 65.
- Genetics: Certain genetic mutations can increase susceptibility.
- Amyloid Protein: Abnormal buildup of amyloid proteins forms plaques that disrupt cell function.
- Lifestyle Factors: Chronic health conditions (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes), obesity, smoking, and sedentary behavior may also elevate risk.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves:
- Cognitive Tests: Evaluating memory, thinking, and problem-solving skills.
- Imaging Techniques: MRI or PET scans to identify changes in brain structure.
- Biomarker Tests: Analyzing cerebrospinal fluid or using amyloid PET scans to detect amyloid plaques.
Treatment and Management
- Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease. However, available treatments and supportive therapies can help manage symptoms temporarily.
- These may include medications to enhance memory and cognitive function, along with therapies aimed at improving quality of life.
Prevalence
- According to WHO estimates from 2023, over 55 million people globally are affected by dementia, with Alzheimer’s accounting for approximately 75% of these cases.
- In India, an estimated 3 to 9 million individuals are believed to be living with Alzheimer’s, and this number is expected to rise as the population ages.
Conclusion
- The findings linking night light pollution to Alzheimer’s risk underscore the importance of understanding environmental factors in neurodegenerative diseases.
- As research continues, it becomes increasingly crucial to address light pollution and its potential impacts on health, alongside advancing our knowledge of Alzheimer’s disease and its management.
