Study reveals the oldest evidence of photosynthesis (GS Paper 3, Science and Technology)
Why in news?
- The oldest evidence of photosynthetic structures reported to date has been identified inside a collection of 1.75-billion-year-old microfossils.
- The discovery helps to shed light on the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis.
Oxygenic photosynthesis:
- Oxygenic photosynthesis, in which sunlight catalyses the conversion of water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen, is unique to cyanobacteria and related organelles within eukaryotes.
- Cyanobacteria had an important role in the evolution of early life and were active during the Great Oxidation Event around 2.4 billion years ago, but the timings of the origins of oxygenic photosynthesis are debated owing to limited evidence.
Details:
- Researchers present direct evidence of fossilised photosynthetic structures from Navifusa majensis.
- The microstructures are thylakoids; membrane-bound structures found inside the chloroplasts of plants and some modern cyanobacteria.
- They identified them in fossils from two different locations, but the oldest, which come from the McDermott Formation in Australia, are 1.75 billion years old.
- N. majensis is presumed to be a cyanobacterium.
- The discovery of thylakoids in a specimen of this age suggests that photosynthesis may have evolved at some point before 1.75 billion years ago.
Thylakoids:
- Thylakoids represent direct ultrastructural evidence for oxygenic photosynthesis metabolism.
- Thylakoid membranes are dense, mostly galactolipid, protein-containing bilayers in which photosynthesis occurs in photosynthetic organisms.
Way Forward:
- It does not, however, solve the mystery of whether photosynthesis evolved before or after the Great Oxidation Event.
- Similar ultrastructural analyses of older microfossils could help to answer this question and help to determine whether the evolution of thylakoids contributed to the rise in oxygen levels at the time of the Great Oxidation Event.
Why have truck drivers called for a strike?
(GS Paper 2, Polity and Constitution)
Why in news?
- Truck drivers announced a month-long strike on January 1 to protest against stricter punishment for hit-and-run cases under the new law, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023.
- On the second day of the strike, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) held a meeting with one of the transporters’ bodies, the All-India Motor Transport Congress (AIMTC), to defuse the situation.
What is the hit-and-run clause?
- Section 106 (1) of the BNS says, “Whoever causes death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years, and shall also be liable to fine.”
- Section 106 (2) states, “Whoever causes death of any person by rash and negligent driving of vehicle not amounting to culpable homicide, and escapes without reporting it to a police officer or a Magistrate soon after the incident, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description of a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.”
- Currently, under Section 304A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), which will be replaced by the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, the punishment for causing death by negligence is two years imprisonment and fine, or both.
- The BNS also does not provide the relief provided under Section 134 in the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 which lays down the duty of a driver in case of an accident and requires him to secure medical attention for the injured person unless “it is not practicable to do so on account of mob fury or any other reason beyond his control.”
How did the govt. respond to the strike?
- The MHA held a meeting with the AIMTC, following which Home Secretary Ajay Bhalla appealed to drivers to return to work assuring them that the new law had not been implemented yet, and any decision to invoke Section 106 (2) of the BNS would be taken after consulting the AIMTC.
- While this helped dampen the protest, truck drivers have distanced themselves from the AIMTC which they say is a transporter’s body and doesn’t represent them.
- Truck driver’s associations in several States, including the All Punjab Truck Operator’s Union (APTOU), continue to hold demonstrations through roadblocks, and have threatened to further intensify their protest in the coming days if the government fails to withdraw the penalties.
Concerns:
- Truckers have said the changes in the new law have been brought without any consultations with them.
- They say that the jail term and fine are too steep for drivers who earn only ₹10,000 to ₹15,000 per month and that the new law fails to provide a detailed accident investigation protocol in the country, in the absence of which drivers of heavy vehicles will continue to be deemed guilty even before an investigation is conducted.
What do road accidents data say about hit-and-run cases?
- A total number of 4,61312 road accidents were reported across the country in the calendar year 2022, claiming 1,68,491 lives. Of these, 56% accidents and 60.5% of fatalities occurred on National and State Highways.
- Trucks accounted for 9% of total accident deaths and buses 3.5%. Hit-and-run cases were 18.1% of total accident deaths.
What needs to be done?
- Truck drivers are a vulnerable category of road users and easy targets for the police who tend to deem drivers of heavier vehicles guilty.
- There is a need for police training in not just implementing the IPC (now BNS), but also in how to establish rash and negligent driving with the help of driving regulations such as the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, and Motor Vehicles (Driving) Regulations 2017.
- There is need for better use of forensic evidence for violations such as speeding by capturing tyre marks, which is absent.
- There are many factors beyond the control of drivers of heavy vehicles, such as assigning the left-most lane on roads for buses and trucks which are also used by cyclists and even pedestrians where there are no footpaths.
- There is the issue of driver fatigue which should be addressed by regulating their working hours as well as ensuring that their truck cabins are ergonomic so that they are comfortable and in better control of the vehicle they are driving.
